Competition
There are two claims to tackle out. Of course as an argumentative style we have to presume another one is appropriate. I have seen opinions that social skills are most relevant issue concerning working life. In my opinion we have to consider what competition as in fact is. So, it could be claimed that competition is good for you or that it does not do anybody any good.
Competition has many forms and it is not just sports or some other subject where to see who wins. In business life co-operation or good customer relationships are called somehow like win-win situation. Obviously it is not so self-evident that we all have same conception about what the competition is. However, it is my contention that there are many advantages when fair competition is in place. In this system the point is not just how competent you are, but also communication and networking skills takes place.
It could be maintained that competition has many disadvantages and it can be even unhealthy way to solve problems or relationships. Firstly, it can be thought that there is no readiness to solve these hypothetical problems if competition does not exist. So, competition is the driving force to tackle problems that situation no competition has caused. Secondly, there is always competition, which can be regressive or progressive. Usually people prefer regressive one, as we can see when take a look on economical situation.
Another argument against the competition is that it does not do anybody any good. This argument proposes that competition disturbs the state of affairs. However, society has many unsolved situations. The reason can be external or internal pressure. However, there is no understanding that this is competition, they more likely feel it is regression. Answer is that we may not tackle competition out. How this can be explained is that people don’t have self-confidence and they just pre-empt or even prevent to someone do something.
It could further be asserted that someone can drop out if the competition is too hard or even unfair. However, it can be said that competitors has need to evolve what they are doing. There is no understanding to that kind of vision. On the one hand if there is no place for completion we are not fulfilled what we are doing. If competition has aspects that someone has no opportunity to finish off what anyone is doing, there is no competition. That is not true, but the question is if the competition is fair. To clarify, competition is so difficult concept that I am not capable to condensate the structure of my thoughts in one or few words.
Finally, I like to say that completion has to perform, because it is the goal where these results are measured. There can be some finishing points or more likely assessment interval where we can do some kind of semi-valuation. How useful these semi-valuations are the question can be answered. When reviewer has proficiency in criticism or unfairly criticizes the evaluation result is quite a different. I have been thinking the rights and obligations one individual (unit if we think enterprise, for example) has and answer hasn’t found. At the same time when I am thinking they are grasping prerogatives and keeping interest groups.
In conclusion, competition is good for you if it is beneficial to your professional competencies. We have social security system and many relevant ways to help or create opportunities to these people who has no, in other aspects, similar possibilities to achieve the goal. In a point of fact as long as stagnation takes place we are not able to compete.
perjantai 25. kesäkuuta 2010
tiistai 22. kesäkuuta 2010
BET_Kotiessee
Luomu eettisempää kuin tavanomainen elintarviketuotanto?
Luonnonmukainen tuotanto on nimensä mukaisesti ympäristöön ja luonnonvaroihin sopeutuvan tuotannon kehittämisen lähtökohta. Esimerkiksi keinolannoitteiden ja kemiallisten torjunta-aineiden käytöstä pidättäytyminen perustuu luonnonvarojen sopeutuvaan hoitamiseen sekä ympäristön ja luonnon monimuotoisuuden suojeluun liittyviin näkökohtiin. Luomu on siis tuotantokulttuuri, pikemminkin kuin vain tuotantojärjestelmä. Kulttuurisena valintana se korostaa ihmisen sopeutumista luonnon elämää ylläpitävän järjestelmän asettamiin ehtoihin, ja ihmisen kuulumista osana kaiken elollisen muodostamaan biologiseen yhteisöön (www.luomu.fi).
Kuluttajat kysyvät luonnonmukaisesti tuotettuja elintarvikkeita yhä enemmän; tämä ilmiö on luomassa uudet markkinat maataloustuotteille (NEUVOSTON ASETUS (ETY) N:o 2092/91). Tuotteet saatetaan markkinoille merkinnöin, joissa todetaan tai annetaan ostajan ymmärtää, että ne on tuotettu luonnonmukaisesti tai ilman synteettisiä kemiallisia tuotteita.
Kysymys on vaikea, vaikka tiedän luonnonmukaisen tuotannon kohdalla mikä on oikein ja väärin ja vaikka näyttää selvältä, että asia tulisi huomata, niin, silti sitä tulee perustella. Jälleen kerran käytännöllinen tieto ohittaa teoreettisen tiedon, mikä johtaa, että joudun käytännöllisellä tiedolla perustelemaan käsitystäni moraalista. Joudun siis rakentamaan yleisen moraaliperiaatteen, joka osaltaan kumoaa subjektiivista mielipidettäni asiasta, jolloin tästä yleisestä moraaliperiaatteesta itse asiassa syntyy subjektiivinen moraalikäsitykseni asiasta ja asia jää siis ratkaisematta. Asiaa ei kuitenkaan voi jättää ratkaisematta, koska se on jo olemassa. Hyväksyntää ratkaisulle täytyy hakea olemassa olevasta tiedosta, omasta aiemmasta moraalikäsityksestä ja omantunnon kautta.
Kysymys luomun eettisyydestä on monitahoinen, kuten ruokatuotantoon liittyvät kysymykset ovat, kysymys ei kuitenkaan ole eettisempi kuin esimerkiksi yhteiskunnalliseen tulonjakoon liittyvät ristiriidat. Asiat on jo ratkaistu, kuitenkin niihin haetaan jatkuvasti ratkaisua. Kysymys eettisyydestä on itse asiassa mieletön ja vastausta onkin haettava kunkin yhteiskunnan sen hetkisestä, menneestä ja tulevasta tilasta. Hyväksymmekö kaikki vaihtoehtoiset tulevaisuudet vai onko eettisempää muodostaa moraalisia näkökantoja ja periaatteita niihin liittyvissä kysymyksissä. Siis voimmeko muodostaa moraalisia näkökantoja moraaliin ja etiikkaan, sekä päinvastoin. Kyseessä on siis arvojen ja tosiasioiden välinen suhde, sekä moraalisten tosiasioiden olemassaolosta. Moraalimetafysiikka.
Perustelen otsikossa annettua kysymystä, piste kysymysmerkin sijaan tekee siitä väitteen. Objektiivisuus asiaa lähestyttäessä tekee sen mahdottomaksi vastata kysymykseen. Asia on nähtävästi ratkaistu luomalla uudet markkinat näille tuotteille. Kysymyksessä on kuitenkin asia, joka on ollut olemassa ennen tavanomaista maataloustuotantoa tai tehomaataloutta. Maataloustuotannon kehittyminen on kuitenkin luonut pohjan nykyiselle sivistykselle, joka puolestaan luo pohjan kulttuuriselle valinnalle luomutuotannon puolesta. Asia ei kuitenkaan ole näin yksinkertainen, johtuen luonnon monimuotoisuudesta, johon myös ihminen ulkopuolisine toimintoineen kuuluu. Asia jää väistämättä sille tasolle, ettei asian selityksissä saada sellaista tarkkuutta, että kaikki tulisi avatuksi. Yksi lause kertoo asiasta kaiken, mutta toinen lause vaatii selitystä tuekseen.
Otsikon alla olevissa lainauksissa on käsitelty asian luonnetta, johon en ratkaisua voi kirjoittaa. En vain pysty, koska tosiasiat ovat niin vahvoja, etten pysty luomaan yleistä moraalisäännöstä asiaan. Todettakoon, etten myöskään halua ajatella asiaa ilman, että luonnonmukaista tuotantoa tuettaisiin ja pidettäisi yllä. Ensimmäisessä kappaleessa kysymykseen on tuotu sanana järjestelmä. Toisessa kappaleessa järjestelmä on luomassa uudet markkinat näille maataloustuotteille. Kun asiaan on tuotu näin hyvät perustelut voimme pitää luonnonmukaista tuotantoa eettisempänä valintana, kuin tavanomaista maataloustuotantoa, jolla ymmärretään kemiallisin torjunta-ainein ja lannoittein tuotettuja maataloustuotteita.
Luentomateriaalissa esiin tulleeseen kysymykseen sanasta ”ethics” (Michael S. Gazzaniga: The Ethical Brain), niin miksi se on monikossa? Emme pysty vastaamaa esitettyyn kysymykseen mikäli on vain yksi etiikka. Etiikan tutkiminen on jatkuva prosessi ja etiikka voi olla yksi ja sama vain tietyllä ajanhetkellä. Olemme kuitenkin luoneet eettisen säännöstön, joka ohjaa moraaliamme ja luo pysyvyyttä eettiseen keskusteluun. Toisaalta lopullista ratkaisua ei toistaiseksi ole saavutettu, eikä ihmisikä siihen taida riittää. Tämäkin on todettu luontomateriaalissa, eettiset ongelmat synnyttävät päätöksenteon ongelmia – emme pysty päättää yksimielisesti sitä, mikä on oikea tapa toimia. Joku siis päättää, jotakin.
Jotta kaksi sivua tulisi täyteen, päätän, että luonnonmukainen tuotanto on tehomaataloutta eettisempää, eikä ainakaan vähemmän eettistä kuin tavanomainen viljely. Valinta jonkun viljelymuodon välillä ei sulje pois moraalisia ongelmia ja oikeutta hakea niihin eettisesti kestävää ratkaisua. Muuttamalla paikallisia tuotantomuotoja emme pysty ratkaisemaan tuotantomenetelmien vahvuuksia tai rajoituksia. Mielestäni tämä oikeuttaa luonnonmukaiseen tuotantomuotoon, missä se on rajoituksilta mahdollista.
Lähteet:
BET –luennot 2009
Luonnonmukainen tuotanto on nimensä mukaisesti ympäristöön ja luonnonvaroihin sopeutuvan tuotannon kehittämisen lähtökohta. Esimerkiksi keinolannoitteiden ja kemiallisten torjunta-aineiden käytöstä pidättäytyminen perustuu luonnonvarojen sopeutuvaan hoitamiseen sekä ympäristön ja luonnon monimuotoisuuden suojeluun liittyviin näkökohtiin. Luomu on siis tuotantokulttuuri, pikemminkin kuin vain tuotantojärjestelmä. Kulttuurisena valintana se korostaa ihmisen sopeutumista luonnon elämää ylläpitävän järjestelmän asettamiin ehtoihin, ja ihmisen kuulumista osana kaiken elollisen muodostamaan biologiseen yhteisöön (www.luomu.fi).
Kuluttajat kysyvät luonnonmukaisesti tuotettuja elintarvikkeita yhä enemmän; tämä ilmiö on luomassa uudet markkinat maataloustuotteille (NEUVOSTON ASETUS (ETY) N:o 2092/91). Tuotteet saatetaan markkinoille merkinnöin, joissa todetaan tai annetaan ostajan ymmärtää, että ne on tuotettu luonnonmukaisesti tai ilman synteettisiä kemiallisia tuotteita.
Kysymys on vaikea, vaikka tiedän luonnonmukaisen tuotannon kohdalla mikä on oikein ja väärin ja vaikka näyttää selvältä, että asia tulisi huomata, niin, silti sitä tulee perustella. Jälleen kerran käytännöllinen tieto ohittaa teoreettisen tiedon, mikä johtaa, että joudun käytännöllisellä tiedolla perustelemaan käsitystäni moraalista. Joudun siis rakentamaan yleisen moraaliperiaatteen, joka osaltaan kumoaa subjektiivista mielipidettäni asiasta, jolloin tästä yleisestä moraaliperiaatteesta itse asiassa syntyy subjektiivinen moraalikäsitykseni asiasta ja asia jää siis ratkaisematta. Asiaa ei kuitenkaan voi jättää ratkaisematta, koska se on jo olemassa. Hyväksyntää ratkaisulle täytyy hakea olemassa olevasta tiedosta, omasta aiemmasta moraalikäsityksestä ja omantunnon kautta.
Kysymys luomun eettisyydestä on monitahoinen, kuten ruokatuotantoon liittyvät kysymykset ovat, kysymys ei kuitenkaan ole eettisempi kuin esimerkiksi yhteiskunnalliseen tulonjakoon liittyvät ristiriidat. Asiat on jo ratkaistu, kuitenkin niihin haetaan jatkuvasti ratkaisua. Kysymys eettisyydestä on itse asiassa mieletön ja vastausta onkin haettava kunkin yhteiskunnan sen hetkisestä, menneestä ja tulevasta tilasta. Hyväksymmekö kaikki vaihtoehtoiset tulevaisuudet vai onko eettisempää muodostaa moraalisia näkökantoja ja periaatteita niihin liittyvissä kysymyksissä. Siis voimmeko muodostaa moraalisia näkökantoja moraaliin ja etiikkaan, sekä päinvastoin. Kyseessä on siis arvojen ja tosiasioiden välinen suhde, sekä moraalisten tosiasioiden olemassaolosta. Moraalimetafysiikka.
Perustelen otsikossa annettua kysymystä, piste kysymysmerkin sijaan tekee siitä väitteen. Objektiivisuus asiaa lähestyttäessä tekee sen mahdottomaksi vastata kysymykseen. Asia on nähtävästi ratkaistu luomalla uudet markkinat näille tuotteille. Kysymyksessä on kuitenkin asia, joka on ollut olemassa ennen tavanomaista maataloustuotantoa tai tehomaataloutta. Maataloustuotannon kehittyminen on kuitenkin luonut pohjan nykyiselle sivistykselle, joka puolestaan luo pohjan kulttuuriselle valinnalle luomutuotannon puolesta. Asia ei kuitenkaan ole näin yksinkertainen, johtuen luonnon monimuotoisuudesta, johon myös ihminen ulkopuolisine toimintoineen kuuluu. Asia jää väistämättä sille tasolle, ettei asian selityksissä saada sellaista tarkkuutta, että kaikki tulisi avatuksi. Yksi lause kertoo asiasta kaiken, mutta toinen lause vaatii selitystä tuekseen.
Otsikon alla olevissa lainauksissa on käsitelty asian luonnetta, johon en ratkaisua voi kirjoittaa. En vain pysty, koska tosiasiat ovat niin vahvoja, etten pysty luomaan yleistä moraalisäännöstä asiaan. Todettakoon, etten myöskään halua ajatella asiaa ilman, että luonnonmukaista tuotantoa tuettaisiin ja pidettäisi yllä. Ensimmäisessä kappaleessa kysymykseen on tuotu sanana järjestelmä. Toisessa kappaleessa järjestelmä on luomassa uudet markkinat näille maataloustuotteille. Kun asiaan on tuotu näin hyvät perustelut voimme pitää luonnonmukaista tuotantoa eettisempänä valintana, kuin tavanomaista maataloustuotantoa, jolla ymmärretään kemiallisin torjunta-ainein ja lannoittein tuotettuja maataloustuotteita.
Luentomateriaalissa esiin tulleeseen kysymykseen sanasta ”ethics” (Michael S. Gazzaniga: The Ethical Brain), niin miksi se on monikossa? Emme pysty vastaamaa esitettyyn kysymykseen mikäli on vain yksi etiikka. Etiikan tutkiminen on jatkuva prosessi ja etiikka voi olla yksi ja sama vain tietyllä ajanhetkellä. Olemme kuitenkin luoneet eettisen säännöstön, joka ohjaa moraaliamme ja luo pysyvyyttä eettiseen keskusteluun. Toisaalta lopullista ratkaisua ei toistaiseksi ole saavutettu, eikä ihmisikä siihen taida riittää. Tämäkin on todettu luontomateriaalissa, eettiset ongelmat synnyttävät päätöksenteon ongelmia – emme pysty päättää yksimielisesti sitä, mikä on oikea tapa toimia. Joku siis päättää, jotakin.
Jotta kaksi sivua tulisi täyteen, päätän, että luonnonmukainen tuotanto on tehomaataloutta eettisempää, eikä ainakaan vähemmän eettistä kuin tavanomainen viljely. Valinta jonkun viljelymuodon välillä ei sulje pois moraalisia ongelmia ja oikeutta hakea niihin eettisesti kestävää ratkaisua. Muuttamalla paikallisia tuotantomuotoja emme pysty ratkaisemaan tuotantomenetelmien vahvuuksia tai rajoituksia. Mielestäni tämä oikeuttaa luonnonmukaiseen tuotantomuotoon, missä se on rajoituksilta mahdollista.
Lähteet:
BET –luennot 2009
maanantai 7. kesäkuuta 2010
Jyrki Turunen
jytturun@hytti.uku.fi
Biosciences study program
Nutrition in Life Cycle
NLC 2009
Importance of nutrition in maintaining good health
For health persons nutrition is one of those subjects which can affect to your health positively. In addition to energy need, however, we also need other nutrients like vitamins and minerals. To maintain our good health we have to consider our balanced diet. Let start by asking, how we can affect our nutritive balance by handling our daily food choices. Nutrition is not just the worthless question, but something we have to think about by dealing our nutritive status. We just are not similar by our digestion, but we constantly need same basic nutrients to maintain our good health. By having insufficient amount of nutrients there can be some deficiencies. So we cannot address the importance of nutrition too much to prevent malnutrition and many diseases caused by loss of vitamins and minerals. Proteins, carbohydrates and fat are the main components of food we need to keep our body mass index relatively good level. Of course, we can’t get our weight to gain up because of risk to get many diseases which might be related to obesity. In terms of good health we have to have good nutrition to keep our social, mental and physical health in proper condition. So we can address next question do we have any condition without nutrition. That question seems to be so obvious that I have to remind myself to get that point out. We are told to believe that by having good breakfast and lunch at school our nutritive needs are balanced. In most cases that are going to be true and same formula can be addressed to other life situations too. How to recognize risk groups and other vulnerable subjects to nutritional deficiencies? There might be a challenge to achieve these people to have best or reasonable nutrition to maintain their health to be good as it should be in terms of good nutrition. If we are able to maintain our decisions and acts at acceptable level we can say that social and mental nutrition are in good shape. At the same time we have to remind that it is not just our spiritual works but physical condition too. As long as we can handle our decisions at acceptable level we may not be able to see if there are some deficiencies in our nutritive status. By following our physical condition we also have some picture about our nutrition. So we can say that nutrition is one of the most interesting topics we have to explain our health.
Risk groups/vulnerable subjects to nutritional deficiencies
Certainly we have some risk groups and vulnerable subjects to nutritional deficiencies. Who they might be? Alcohol consumption might give something that explains lousy nutrition. Other reasons we might address are diseases, lowered absorption of nutrients and eating disorders. We also have to recognize if our needs for balanced diet and good nutrition will change in a context to maintain good health. In this course it is important to recognize your age too, because your metabolism might change, your lifestyle changes or you might change your diet because of demographic reasons. You will get married or start to meet someone and life is not the same anymore even your eating habits might change. We have to understand our metabolic rates to define our nutritive needs in every context of life. We have two sexes and many different ages and life situations to think about. So the complexity of nutrition is obvious and I have write groups and subjects rather than individuals. In every age group there are many risk groups and subjects. An important and interesting question is how to close these people outside of that risk of nutritional deficiencies. We just have very few routes to handle our energy metabolism. I think just four: Krebs’s cycle, glycolysis, beta oxidation and electron transfer system. Four routes include catabolic acts and on the other hand we have also anabolic routes. When this system has balance everything seems to be just fine. We just have to keep in our minds to get relevant amounts of nutritive food and water to handle our functions.
Nutrition in different ages:
Nutrition starts at beginning of our lives and seemingly to have a great importance to our health somewhere in the future. Obesity of children has got bigger problem during last few decades. Usually cancer starts from epithelium where cells have contact to outside molecules. If starts somewhere else some macrophages and inflammation may have reason to that. We have to stress the role of nutrition and our health. In Finland for example STRIP project has some results and nutrition data. Nutrition is very complex issue and many facts have to consider while planning persons health in terms of nutrients in his or her diet. What makes that complexity is our biology and following health status. How to avoid any nutritive diseases or deficiencies? We have to give answer based to our genetic background, but at the same time try to live interesting life.
There is still a tendency to view nutritional aspects of health solely in terms of the presence or absence of nutritional diseases. This view of stems from the rapid advances in knowledge on the role of vitamins in metabolism which developed before and after the Second World War (Turner 1981)
Pregnancy
Pregnancy and pre-pregnancy both are important time for mothers and infants health. We have to take into consideration that some changes happen during the months of pregnancy before it turns to lactation. Once pregnancy has been achieved and in the absence of any medical interference the maternal death rate is approximately 1 in 200 pregnancies and 1 in 20 babies will die before birth, or in the first week of life (Geissler and Powers 2005).
Nutritional status is the state of person’s health in terms of the nutrients in his or her diet.
Recognize crude measures to assess nutritional status
We have seven nutritive important groups which are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, vitamins, dietary fiber and water. Despite of age we usually need same compounds to satisfy our nutritive needs. We can measure our nutritive needs by calculating amounts of energy and other mentioned nutrients to assure our growth.
How metabolic changes affect nutrient needs
If any nutrients or energy intake need special attention
Lactation
There is almost universal consensus that breast milk is the best food for normal infants with healthy mothers.
Infancy
Infants are born with essentially untried and immature immune systems. Gastrointestinal resistance to invasion by foreign proteins relies in part on the mucus secretions which contain protective substances such as secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and IgM (Poskitt and Morgan 2005). Of course we can think about that if we have totally wrong nutrition there might be some allergies and nutritive defects. Our ability to analyze individual human cancers at the genetic and biochemical levels will also undergo a dramatic change. One day, we imagine that cancer biology and treatment-at present, a patchwork quilt of cell biology, genetics, histopathology, biochemistry, immunology, and pharmacology-will become a science with a conceptual structure and logical coherence that rivals that of chemistry or physics (Hanahan and Weinberg 2000). Originally Hanahan and Weinberg introduced six hallmarks of cancer other six hallmarks of cancer has been proposed by Kroemer and Pouyssegur. Which are DNA damage stress, oxidative stress, mitotic stress, proteotoxic stress, metabolic stress and evading immune surveillance. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) result in increased levels of DNA damage that normally elicits senescence or apoptosis but is overcome by tumor cells.
Childhood
Nutrition in childhood must be considered in conjunction with children’s age, growth and development (Poskitt and Morgan 2005). Food allergy and intolerance and the maturation of the immune system in relation to dietary components have to be considered. However, it is evident that the development of obesity, in the vast majority of cases, is a multifactorial event with a genetic predisposition affected by environmental factors which, so far, are not fully understood (Wabitsch 2002). Currently we understand only a minor part of the complex regulatory system of energy homeostasis in man.
Adolescence
Adulthood
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation, and to inhibit and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction, class of proteins whose concentration in blood will increase or decrease in response to inflammation. Inflammation is biological response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells or irritants. Salopuro addresses that “Obesity and insulin resistance are central components of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, genetic variation in B2AR, B3AR, and LEPR may indicate risk of T2DM, whereas genetic variation in UCP1 and LEPR may modify the risk of obesity. Variation in UCP2-UCP3 (uncoupling protein) gene region is associated with lipid levels and abdominal obesity, which are feature of MetS. Moderate weight reduction involves alterations in the extracellular matrix of adipose tissue, as well as in death of adipocytes (Salopuro 2009). Background of this study was 507 overweight individuals (age: 55±7 years) for whom DNA was available were randomized to both an intensified diet and physical activity group or to a conventional care control group. The most interesting case seems to be that the decrease in mRNA expression on TNF receptor superfamily observed in the present study might indicate the post inflammation state in weight maintenance (Kolehmainen M et al. 2008). Various lipids are involved cell signaling and the conversion of extracellular signals into intracellular ones (Yaqoob, Minihane and Williams 2005).
Older Age
In older age it seems to be important to have good nutrition. Most of things that will affect to our past lives are already taken place somewhere in the past decades. But, still important to have good and proper nutrition, we have to realize the change of our gut flora, bifidobacterium changes to be more likely coliforms. Nutritional Status Assessment (Nutrition) is the most comprehensive inflight study done by NASA to date of human physiologic changes during long-duration space flight; this includes measures of bone metabolism, oxidative damage, nutritional assessments and hormonal changes (NASA).
Public health policies to enhance good nutrition
This experiment will also to help to understand the impact of countermeasures (exercise and pharmaceuticals) on nutritional status and nutrients requirements for astronauts.
References:
Martin Wabitsch. In:Walter Burniat, Tim Cole, Inge Lissau and Elizabeth Poskitt. Editors. Child and Adolescent Obesity. Causes and Consequences, Prevention and Management. p. 50 . 2002. Cambridge University Press.
Salopuro, Titta. 2009. Studies on selected human obesity candidate genes: Genetic variation and adipose tissue expression. Kuopio University Publications D. Medical Sciences 453. 2009. 122 p.
Kolehmainen M et. al. 2008. International Journal of Obesity. 32, 292-303. Weight reduction modulates expression of genes involved in extracellulat matrix and cell death: the GENOBIN study. Nature Publishing Group.
Elizabeth M. E. Poskitt and Jane B. Morgan. Catherine Geissler and Hilary Powers. Editors. Human Nutrition. Eleventh Edition. 2005. Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone.
Parveen Yaqoob, Anne Marie Minihane and Christine Williams. In:Catherine Geissler and Hilary Powers. Editors. Human Nutrition. Eleventh Edition. 2005. Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone.
Douglas Hanahan and Robert A. Weinberg. 2000. The Hallmarks of Cancer. Cell, Vol 100, 57-70, January 7. Cell Press.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/Nutrition.html 14.12.2009
W. P. T. James, J. Powles and D. R. R. Williams. In: Michael R. Turner. Editor. Preventive Nutrition and Society. 1981. Academic Press. London.
jytturun@hytti.uku.fi
Biosciences study program
Nutrition in Life Cycle
NLC 2009
Importance of nutrition in maintaining good health
For health persons nutrition is one of those subjects which can affect to your health positively. In addition to energy need, however, we also need other nutrients like vitamins and minerals. To maintain our good health we have to consider our balanced diet. Let start by asking, how we can affect our nutritive balance by handling our daily food choices. Nutrition is not just the worthless question, but something we have to think about by dealing our nutritive status. We just are not similar by our digestion, but we constantly need same basic nutrients to maintain our good health. By having insufficient amount of nutrients there can be some deficiencies. So we cannot address the importance of nutrition too much to prevent malnutrition and many diseases caused by loss of vitamins and minerals. Proteins, carbohydrates and fat are the main components of food we need to keep our body mass index relatively good level. Of course, we can’t get our weight to gain up because of risk to get many diseases which might be related to obesity. In terms of good health we have to have good nutrition to keep our social, mental and physical health in proper condition. So we can address next question do we have any condition without nutrition. That question seems to be so obvious that I have to remind myself to get that point out. We are told to believe that by having good breakfast and lunch at school our nutritive needs are balanced. In most cases that are going to be true and same formula can be addressed to other life situations too. How to recognize risk groups and other vulnerable subjects to nutritional deficiencies? There might be a challenge to achieve these people to have best or reasonable nutrition to maintain their health to be good as it should be in terms of good nutrition. If we are able to maintain our decisions and acts at acceptable level we can say that social and mental nutrition are in good shape. At the same time we have to remind that it is not just our spiritual works but physical condition too. As long as we can handle our decisions at acceptable level we may not be able to see if there are some deficiencies in our nutritive status. By following our physical condition we also have some picture about our nutrition. So we can say that nutrition is one of the most interesting topics we have to explain our health.
Risk groups/vulnerable subjects to nutritional deficiencies
Certainly we have some risk groups and vulnerable subjects to nutritional deficiencies. Who they might be? Alcohol consumption might give something that explains lousy nutrition. Other reasons we might address are diseases, lowered absorption of nutrients and eating disorders. We also have to recognize if our needs for balanced diet and good nutrition will change in a context to maintain good health. In this course it is important to recognize your age too, because your metabolism might change, your lifestyle changes or you might change your diet because of demographic reasons. You will get married or start to meet someone and life is not the same anymore even your eating habits might change. We have to understand our metabolic rates to define our nutritive needs in every context of life. We have two sexes and many different ages and life situations to think about. So the complexity of nutrition is obvious and I have write groups and subjects rather than individuals. In every age group there are many risk groups and subjects. An important and interesting question is how to close these people outside of that risk of nutritional deficiencies. We just have very few routes to handle our energy metabolism. I think just four: Krebs’s cycle, glycolysis, beta oxidation and electron transfer system. Four routes include catabolic acts and on the other hand we have also anabolic routes. When this system has balance everything seems to be just fine. We just have to keep in our minds to get relevant amounts of nutritive food and water to handle our functions.
Nutrition in different ages:
Nutrition starts at beginning of our lives and seemingly to have a great importance to our health somewhere in the future. Obesity of children has got bigger problem during last few decades. Usually cancer starts from epithelium where cells have contact to outside molecules. If starts somewhere else some macrophages and inflammation may have reason to that. We have to stress the role of nutrition and our health. In Finland for example STRIP project has some results and nutrition data. Nutrition is very complex issue and many facts have to consider while planning persons health in terms of nutrients in his or her diet. What makes that complexity is our biology and following health status. How to avoid any nutritive diseases or deficiencies? We have to give answer based to our genetic background, but at the same time try to live interesting life.
There is still a tendency to view nutritional aspects of health solely in terms of the presence or absence of nutritional diseases. This view of stems from the rapid advances in knowledge on the role of vitamins in metabolism which developed before and after the Second World War (Turner 1981)
Pregnancy
Pregnancy and pre-pregnancy both are important time for mothers and infants health. We have to take into consideration that some changes happen during the months of pregnancy before it turns to lactation. Once pregnancy has been achieved and in the absence of any medical interference the maternal death rate is approximately 1 in 200 pregnancies and 1 in 20 babies will die before birth, or in the first week of life (Geissler and Powers 2005).
Nutritional status is the state of person’s health in terms of the nutrients in his or her diet.
Recognize crude measures to assess nutritional status
We have seven nutritive important groups which are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, vitamins, dietary fiber and water. Despite of age we usually need same compounds to satisfy our nutritive needs. We can measure our nutritive needs by calculating amounts of energy and other mentioned nutrients to assure our growth.
How metabolic changes affect nutrient needs
If any nutrients or energy intake need special attention
Lactation
There is almost universal consensus that breast milk is the best food for normal infants with healthy mothers.
Infancy
Infants are born with essentially untried and immature immune systems. Gastrointestinal resistance to invasion by foreign proteins relies in part on the mucus secretions which contain protective substances such as secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and IgM (Poskitt and Morgan 2005). Of course we can think about that if we have totally wrong nutrition there might be some allergies and nutritive defects. Our ability to analyze individual human cancers at the genetic and biochemical levels will also undergo a dramatic change. One day, we imagine that cancer biology and treatment-at present, a patchwork quilt of cell biology, genetics, histopathology, biochemistry, immunology, and pharmacology-will become a science with a conceptual structure and logical coherence that rivals that of chemistry or physics (Hanahan and Weinberg 2000). Originally Hanahan and Weinberg introduced six hallmarks of cancer other six hallmarks of cancer has been proposed by Kroemer and Pouyssegur. Which are DNA damage stress, oxidative stress, mitotic stress, proteotoxic stress, metabolic stress and evading immune surveillance. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) result in increased levels of DNA damage that normally elicits senescence or apoptosis but is overcome by tumor cells.
Childhood
Nutrition in childhood must be considered in conjunction with children’s age, growth and development (Poskitt and Morgan 2005). Food allergy and intolerance and the maturation of the immune system in relation to dietary components have to be considered. However, it is evident that the development of obesity, in the vast majority of cases, is a multifactorial event with a genetic predisposition affected by environmental factors which, so far, are not fully understood (Wabitsch 2002). Currently we understand only a minor part of the complex regulatory system of energy homeostasis in man.
Adolescence
Adulthood
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation, and to inhibit and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction, class of proteins whose concentration in blood will increase or decrease in response to inflammation. Inflammation is biological response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells or irritants. Salopuro addresses that “Obesity and insulin resistance are central components of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, genetic variation in B2AR, B3AR, and LEPR may indicate risk of T2DM, whereas genetic variation in UCP1 and LEPR may modify the risk of obesity. Variation in UCP2-UCP3 (uncoupling protein) gene region is associated with lipid levels and abdominal obesity, which are feature of MetS. Moderate weight reduction involves alterations in the extracellular matrix of adipose tissue, as well as in death of adipocytes (Salopuro 2009). Background of this study was 507 overweight individuals (age: 55±7 years) for whom DNA was available were randomized to both an intensified diet and physical activity group or to a conventional care control group. The most interesting case seems to be that the decrease in mRNA expression on TNF receptor superfamily observed in the present study might indicate the post inflammation state in weight maintenance (Kolehmainen M et al. 2008). Various lipids are involved cell signaling and the conversion of extracellular signals into intracellular ones (Yaqoob, Minihane and Williams 2005).
Older Age
In older age it seems to be important to have good nutrition. Most of things that will affect to our past lives are already taken place somewhere in the past decades. But, still important to have good and proper nutrition, we have to realize the change of our gut flora, bifidobacterium changes to be more likely coliforms. Nutritional Status Assessment (Nutrition) is the most comprehensive inflight study done by NASA to date of human physiologic changes during long-duration space flight; this includes measures of bone metabolism, oxidative damage, nutritional assessments and hormonal changes (NASA).
Public health policies to enhance good nutrition
This experiment will also to help to understand the impact of countermeasures (exercise and pharmaceuticals) on nutritional status and nutrients requirements for astronauts.
References:
Martin Wabitsch. In:Walter Burniat, Tim Cole, Inge Lissau and Elizabeth Poskitt. Editors. Child and Adolescent Obesity. Causes and Consequences, Prevention and Management. p. 50 . 2002. Cambridge University Press.
Salopuro, Titta. 2009. Studies on selected human obesity candidate genes: Genetic variation and adipose tissue expression. Kuopio University Publications D. Medical Sciences 453. 2009. 122 p.
Kolehmainen M et. al. 2008. International Journal of Obesity. 32, 292-303. Weight reduction modulates expression of genes involved in extracellulat matrix and cell death: the GENOBIN study. Nature Publishing Group.
Elizabeth M. E. Poskitt and Jane B. Morgan. Catherine Geissler and Hilary Powers. Editors. Human Nutrition. Eleventh Edition. 2005. Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone.
Parveen Yaqoob, Anne Marie Minihane and Christine Williams. In:Catherine Geissler and Hilary Powers. Editors. Human Nutrition. Eleventh Edition. 2005. Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone.
Douglas Hanahan and Robert A. Weinberg. 2000. The Hallmarks of Cancer. Cell, Vol 100, 57-70, January 7. Cell Press.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/Nutrition.html 14.12.2009
W. P. T. James, J. Powles and D. R. R. Williams. In: Michael R. Turner. Editor. Preventive Nutrition and Society. 1981. Academic Press. London.
perjantai 4. kesäkuuta 2010
Jyrki Turunen
jytturun@hytti.uku.fi
Biosciences study program
Introduction to Public Health
Life Style and Health
Essay 1 / IPH 2009
Obesity as a public health problem
It could be maintained that the excess of acetyl-Coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is the main problem causing obesity. Acetyl-Coa is perhaps the central molecule of metabolism (Campbell & Farrell, 2006). “In particular, the oxaloacetate in a organism must be maintained at a level sufficient to allow acetyl-CoA to enter the cycle.” Firstly, when speaking cycle or citrate cycle it is a mitochondrial place where mammalian energy production exists. Secondly, in mammals, oxaloacetate is produced from pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase.
However, there might be some diseases or people who just eat too much at the same time when physical activity has minor level to burn all consumed energy. We can quite easily calculate our energy need if consumption is adequately known. It takes lot of efforts to have an idea to how the diet is going to be constructed up because of busy people who rather eat much more than they consume. Excess of energy is easily converted to form of fat which can be burned by increasing physical activity, but not easily as it has been formed. Abnormalities in protein, carbohydrate, lipid, vitamin and mineral metabolism occur in liver disease. These abnormalities often have significant effects on the nutritional status of patients and on their ability to recover from liver injury (Mezey 1989). Not all the reasons are due to alcohol over consumption when speaking burden of disease, which is going to be my next essay topic. Let just mention diarrhea because of it wide impact around the world. Furthermore it can be asserted how these facts can affect being obese or not.
Of course obesity is more or less serious public health problem, as we all might know. Nutritional disorders underlie many world health problems (Bogardus & Ravussin 1989). Looking that major question, why there is so many with having problems with their weights? The idea that there is an ‘obesity epidemic’ has gained considerable in the scientific health community and the public consciousness (Wright, J 2008). So there seems to be evidence that goes into same direction what has been questioned into my claim that we have to take these obesity problems seriously, however. Why it has been handled as a political question is a great deal of money. Many of these big food companies have taken serious actions against obesity, there are great marketing efforts and brand management actions. It is not USA but also European region where these obesity problems exist, but why obesity is such a big problem? Let’s think about it. As the book says neither I will argue these scientific facts, let the others do that. I just keep my mind.
Is there some social theory behind these evident facts? People belonging different social groups, have they similar problems with obesity as other groups or any similarities behind the reasons? Let just take into consideration cultural aspects when discussing female beauty and different kind of cultural views where fertility is one of those. When obesity is a sign of fertility in some cultures, some scientists have arguments that the obesity might be a sign of lower fertility in western countries. The book is still questioning that Asian countries are now awaken to that problem and problem has come increasingly to the agendas in government’s health issues. It is the question how to live, eat to live or live to eat. The knowledge and experience of previous generations and our fellow human beings is stored in a language and institutionalized behavioral patterns and, yet we are far from being walking supercomputers because we are able to apply that experience unconsciously, by following routines (Alasuutari 2004).
The prevalence of obesity is expected to include 150 million adults and 15 million children by 2010 in the WHO European area (World Health Organization; 2007). Excess of body weight is defined having body weight index BMI more than 25. It can be asserted that not all the people having BMI more than 25 are obese but they are growing bigger because of better nutrition. So, food is still good business because bigger people, they just eat more. Let’s remind that women in pregnant they also eat bigger amount of food because of growing baby. At the same time we have to take into consideration, if nutrition professionals are offering healthy diet to those people, especially for pregnant women. Why not to those who are not able to decide having healthy meal or not? The main focus of the effect of diet on the human intestinal microflora must be on those bacteria which inhabit the colon, since it is in the colon that the numbers of bacteria are particularly high, about 1011-12 per g compared with 104 per g in the stomach and 105-7 in the small intestine (Stephen 1985).
If we don’t have any eating disorders or diseases affecting to our body mass and metabolism, we just have minor physical activity. When adolescents get to the age of twenty usually they are leaving their homes to study. Of course many of adolescent start drink more alcohol and having in that way extra energy. Alcohol can also cause some multifunctional problems and it is not so popular to take these physical exercises anymore. I have no strict scientific evidence here when saying alcohol and the problems of the adult age may cause growing obesity. Minimal histologic changes in the livers ethanol-fed animals included mild steatosis and mitochondrial enlargement (Halsted 1989). As I mentioned earlier let the others think scientific explanations outside of this essay. We have to remind in our minds if we keep qualitative research as valid as quantitative.
As a summary I have to say that there are public health concerns which are related to problem being obese. On the other hand I have to remind that obesity is not always a health risk or problem. By chancing our diet, physical activities we can affect to our body weight. So it is not always so simple to say how we have to eat, where to eat or should we eat at home or maybe in restaurant. Usually the taste of food is excellent and eating is a social event, but also full of meanings intake of nutrients and energy. There are some web calculators and by using these you can calculate your energy need and consumption. Do not eat too big amounts at once and remember to drink enough. The place where you lunch depends on demographic factors and the place where you are; at work, at home, at school, at restaurant or even at picnic. But always remember to take care your energy balance and type of food; carbohydrates, fats, proteins, don’t forget vitamins and minerals and something to drink, water is fine. The government should pay more attention to reducing alcohol consumption and to tackle health problems, including obesity.
References:
Jan Wright. In: Wright J, Harwood V, editors. Biopolitics and the ’Obesity Epidemic’. 1th ed. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2009. This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-library, 2008.
Branca F, Nikogosian H, Lobstein T, editors. The challenge of obesity in the WHO European Region and the strategies for response. Summary. World Health Organization; 2007.
Campbell M K and Farrell S O. Biochemistry. 5th edition. Thomson Learning, Inc. Belmont.
Alison M. Stephen. In Hunter J O, Jones V A, editors. Food and the Gut. Eastbourne: Baillière Tindall. 1985.
Alasuutari P. Social Theory and Human Reality. London. Sage Publications. 2004.
Bogardus & Ravussin.In:Halsted C H, Rucker R B, editors. Nutrition and the Origins of Disease. Volume 7. San Diego. Academic Press; 1989.
Mezey.In:Halsted C H, Rucker R B, editors. Nutrition and the Origins of Disease. Volume 7. San Diego. Academic Press; 1989.
Halsted.In:Halsted C H, Rucker R B, editors. Nutrition and the Origins of Disease. Volume 7. San Diego. Academic Press; 1989.
jytturun@hytti.uku.fi
Biosciences study program
Introduction to Public Health
Life Style and Health
Essay 1 / IPH 2009
Obesity as a public health problem
It could be maintained that the excess of acetyl-Coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is the main problem causing obesity. Acetyl-Coa is perhaps the central molecule of metabolism (Campbell & Farrell, 2006). “In particular, the oxaloacetate in a organism must be maintained at a level sufficient to allow acetyl-CoA to enter the cycle.” Firstly, when speaking cycle or citrate cycle it is a mitochondrial place where mammalian energy production exists. Secondly, in mammals, oxaloacetate is produced from pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase.
However, there might be some diseases or people who just eat too much at the same time when physical activity has minor level to burn all consumed energy. We can quite easily calculate our energy need if consumption is adequately known. It takes lot of efforts to have an idea to how the diet is going to be constructed up because of busy people who rather eat much more than they consume. Excess of energy is easily converted to form of fat which can be burned by increasing physical activity, but not easily as it has been formed. Abnormalities in protein, carbohydrate, lipid, vitamin and mineral metabolism occur in liver disease. These abnormalities often have significant effects on the nutritional status of patients and on their ability to recover from liver injury (Mezey 1989). Not all the reasons are due to alcohol over consumption when speaking burden of disease, which is going to be my next essay topic. Let just mention diarrhea because of it wide impact around the world. Furthermore it can be asserted how these facts can affect being obese or not.
Of course obesity is more or less serious public health problem, as we all might know. Nutritional disorders underlie many world health problems (Bogardus & Ravussin 1989). Looking that major question, why there is so many with having problems with their weights? The idea that there is an ‘obesity epidemic’ has gained considerable in the scientific health community and the public consciousness (Wright, J 2008). So there seems to be evidence that goes into same direction what has been questioned into my claim that we have to take these obesity problems seriously, however. Why it has been handled as a political question is a great deal of money. Many of these big food companies have taken serious actions against obesity, there are great marketing efforts and brand management actions. It is not USA but also European region where these obesity problems exist, but why obesity is such a big problem? Let’s think about it. As the book says neither I will argue these scientific facts, let the others do that. I just keep my mind.
Is there some social theory behind these evident facts? People belonging different social groups, have they similar problems with obesity as other groups or any similarities behind the reasons? Let just take into consideration cultural aspects when discussing female beauty and different kind of cultural views where fertility is one of those. When obesity is a sign of fertility in some cultures, some scientists have arguments that the obesity might be a sign of lower fertility in western countries. The book is still questioning that Asian countries are now awaken to that problem and problem has come increasingly to the agendas in government’s health issues. It is the question how to live, eat to live or live to eat. The knowledge and experience of previous generations and our fellow human beings is stored in a language and institutionalized behavioral patterns and, yet we are far from being walking supercomputers because we are able to apply that experience unconsciously, by following routines (Alasuutari 2004).
The prevalence of obesity is expected to include 150 million adults and 15 million children by 2010 in the WHO European area (World Health Organization; 2007). Excess of body weight is defined having body weight index BMI more than 25. It can be asserted that not all the people having BMI more than 25 are obese but they are growing bigger because of better nutrition. So, food is still good business because bigger people, they just eat more. Let’s remind that women in pregnant they also eat bigger amount of food because of growing baby. At the same time we have to take into consideration, if nutrition professionals are offering healthy diet to those people, especially for pregnant women. Why not to those who are not able to decide having healthy meal or not? The main focus of the effect of diet on the human intestinal microflora must be on those bacteria which inhabit the colon, since it is in the colon that the numbers of bacteria are particularly high, about 1011-12 per g compared with 104 per g in the stomach and 105-7 in the small intestine (Stephen 1985).
If we don’t have any eating disorders or diseases affecting to our body mass and metabolism, we just have minor physical activity. When adolescents get to the age of twenty usually they are leaving their homes to study. Of course many of adolescent start drink more alcohol and having in that way extra energy. Alcohol can also cause some multifunctional problems and it is not so popular to take these physical exercises anymore. I have no strict scientific evidence here when saying alcohol and the problems of the adult age may cause growing obesity. Minimal histologic changes in the livers ethanol-fed animals included mild steatosis and mitochondrial enlargement (Halsted 1989). As I mentioned earlier let the others think scientific explanations outside of this essay. We have to remind in our minds if we keep qualitative research as valid as quantitative.
As a summary I have to say that there are public health concerns which are related to problem being obese. On the other hand I have to remind that obesity is not always a health risk or problem. By chancing our diet, physical activities we can affect to our body weight. So it is not always so simple to say how we have to eat, where to eat or should we eat at home or maybe in restaurant. Usually the taste of food is excellent and eating is a social event, but also full of meanings intake of nutrients and energy. There are some web calculators and by using these you can calculate your energy need and consumption. Do not eat too big amounts at once and remember to drink enough. The place where you lunch depends on demographic factors and the place where you are; at work, at home, at school, at restaurant or even at picnic. But always remember to take care your energy balance and type of food; carbohydrates, fats, proteins, don’t forget vitamins and minerals and something to drink, water is fine. The government should pay more attention to reducing alcohol consumption and to tackle health problems, including obesity.
References:
Jan Wright. In: Wright J, Harwood V, editors. Biopolitics and the ’Obesity Epidemic’. 1th ed. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2009. This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-library, 2008.
Branca F, Nikogosian H, Lobstein T, editors. The challenge of obesity in the WHO European Region and the strategies for response. Summary. World Health Organization; 2007.
Campbell M K and Farrell S O. Biochemistry. 5th edition. Thomson Learning, Inc. Belmont.
Alison M. Stephen. In Hunter J O, Jones V A, editors. Food and the Gut. Eastbourne: Baillière Tindall. 1985.
Alasuutari P. Social Theory and Human Reality. London. Sage Publications. 2004.
Bogardus & Ravussin.In:Halsted C H, Rucker R B, editors. Nutrition and the Origins of Disease. Volume 7. San Diego. Academic Press; 1989.
Mezey.In:Halsted C H, Rucker R B, editors. Nutrition and the Origins of Disease. Volume 7. San Diego. Academic Press; 1989.
Halsted.In:Halsted C H, Rucker R B, editors. Nutrition and the Origins of Disease. Volume 7. San Diego. Academic Press; 1989.
Jyrki Turunen
jytturun@hytti.uku.fi
Biosciences study program
Introduction to Public Health
Epidemics and pandemics
Essay 2 / IPH 2009
Global Burden of Disease
The WHO global burden of disease (GBD) measures burden of disease using the disability adjusted life year (DALY). This time-based measure combines years of life lost due to premature mortality and years of life lost due to in states of less than full health. The DALY metric was developed in the original GBD 1990 study to assess the burden of disease consistently across diseases, risk factors and diseases (WHO). Of course, full health means ability to do his best. There is not so many persons who really are able to do his best, we can just discuss about limits of health. Questions like: “How you feel today?” “Is everything fine?” help us to do qualitative search. Of course, people might feel their lives unhappy, or they just have something else to do and they are not so eager to answer to these questions. So we can measure their mental state by asking: “How you feel it?” I really know that is annoying because never can know who is asking, so we have to define that question something like that: “How you feel it?” Usually we can see that many of us use to ask these questions because there is nothing to speak or ask. Are little bit bored to our lives? Why it is so, that we don’t have anything common, nothing but the workload and very less common moments. Easily we can say that we are afraid of love and half it is true, but not necessarily. We can define that burden of disease as numbers: “How many patients?” “What disease?”. Then we can try to solve these numbers, but should we try look patients, these little human beings behind the disease. Why we don’t know anything about these persons? Lot of things to think and the answer is always so obvious. Unfortunately, sometimes the answer is wrong, who that human being really is? Does he or she have any feelings, probably not because he or she is mentally far away from you. Now we come to the points we have here. We just have to keep these little borders up, because that is the way prevent diseases in numbers. The price just might be little bit less mental health but what really is the problem, real diseases or state of our minds? Business keeps some limitations up so we really don’t have opportunity to be friends. Even if we are outside of business, networks, the threat to some ones business. Afterwards we can say that are just cattle of business. When we go through that little border the life in business begins: “What is your problem?” If there is nothing to solve or nothing to offer, we just keep asking worthless questions, like “How you feel it?” What are we afraid of only one life to live. On one side of the divide is a world “cash but no opportunities; on the other, a world with “no money, just opportunities.” (Economist.com). Business and health are related to each other in a sense of financial globalization. Not so easy to predict what is going on and years of life lost by thinking not doing and opposite.
References:
http://www.who.int/topics/global_burden_of_disease/en/
http://www.economist.com/businessfinance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14745085
jytturun@hytti.uku.fi
Biosciences study program
Introduction to Public Health
Epidemics and pandemics
Essay 2 / IPH 2009
Global Burden of Disease
The WHO global burden of disease (GBD) measures burden of disease using the disability adjusted life year (DALY). This time-based measure combines years of life lost due to premature mortality and years of life lost due to in states of less than full health. The DALY metric was developed in the original GBD 1990 study to assess the burden of disease consistently across diseases, risk factors and diseases (WHO). Of course, full health means ability to do his best. There is not so many persons who really are able to do his best, we can just discuss about limits of health. Questions like: “How you feel today?” “Is everything fine?” help us to do qualitative search. Of course, people might feel their lives unhappy, or they just have something else to do and they are not so eager to answer to these questions. So we can measure their mental state by asking: “How you feel it?” I really know that is annoying because never can know who is asking, so we have to define that question something like that: “How you feel it?” Usually we can see that many of us use to ask these questions because there is nothing to speak or ask. Are little bit bored to our lives? Why it is so, that we don’t have anything common, nothing but the workload and very less common moments. Easily we can say that we are afraid of love and half it is true, but not necessarily. We can define that burden of disease as numbers: “How many patients?” “What disease?”. Then we can try to solve these numbers, but should we try look patients, these little human beings behind the disease. Why we don’t know anything about these persons? Lot of things to think and the answer is always so obvious. Unfortunately, sometimes the answer is wrong, who that human being really is? Does he or she have any feelings, probably not because he or she is mentally far away from you. Now we come to the points we have here. We just have to keep these little borders up, because that is the way prevent diseases in numbers. The price just might be little bit less mental health but what really is the problem, real diseases or state of our minds? Business keeps some limitations up so we really don’t have opportunity to be friends. Even if we are outside of business, networks, the threat to some ones business. Afterwards we can say that are just cattle of business. When we go through that little border the life in business begins: “What is your problem?” If there is nothing to solve or nothing to offer, we just keep asking worthless questions, like “How you feel it?” What are we afraid of only one life to live. On one side of the divide is a world “cash but no opportunities; on the other, a world with “no money, just opportunities.” (Economist.com). Business and health are related to each other in a sense of financial globalization. Not so easy to predict what is going on and years of life lost by thinking not doing and opposite.
References:
http://www.who.int/topics/global_burden_of_disease/en/
http://www.economist.com/businessfinance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14745085
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